時(shí)間:2023-03-07 15:15:57
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隨著Internet在中國的迅速發(fā)展,人們?nèi)粘I钪性絹碓蕉嗟厥褂眠@項(xiàng)新的技術(shù)來為自己的工作和學(xué)習(xí)服務(wù).由于WEB頁面能把文本、圖像、聲音、動畫、視像等多種媒體信息集于一體,不但使信息的顯示更加生動,而且使信息的瀏覽更為方便,同時(shí)WEB頁能實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上交易平臺、客戶信息反饋方便了企業(yè)與客戶之間信息交流,因此許多企業(yè)紛紛建設(shè)網(wǎng)站以增強(qiáng)企業(yè)知名度.
柳州華力網(wǎng)站主要介紹柳州華力的有關(guān)信息,并用PHP+MYSQL架設(shè)用戶登陸以及客戶信息反饋,使客戶信息第一時(shí)間反饋給企業(yè),拉近企業(yè)與客戶之間的距離。本篇論文是對我設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站的一點(diǎn)論述,主要論述了柳州華力網(wǎng)站建設(shè)規(guī)劃的主體思想、利用PHP+MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶登錄和信息反饋,以及在設(shè)計(jì)過程中所遇到的要點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)等。
關(guān)鍵字:網(wǎng)站規(guī)劃、PHP+MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫
Abstract
With the rapid development of Internet technique in China ,more and more people use the new tech as a tool severing their life and study . Because WEB page can collect text, image, sound, animation, video together.and the hypertext property of homepage can not only make the display of information pages lively, but also make the browse of information more convenient.So,Many enterprises also make their publications online .
This page
Keyword: WEB SITE DESIGN、PHP+MYSQL Datebas
目 錄
1 . 緒論
1.1 . 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)狀
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的快速發(fā)展使企業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)快捷的信息傳送以及直接的客戶介入,但企業(yè)中各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的相對獨(dú)立性使信息渠道比較混亂。企業(yè)系統(tǒng)中各類人員的信息渠道多種多樣,互不兼容,沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的應(yīng)用界面讓系統(tǒng)使用者可以根據(jù)自己的需要獲得想要的信息,這不利于電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用模式的建立和開展。如何通過建立一個(gè)單獨(dú)的界面給企業(yè)遍布全球的現(xiàn)實(shí)客戶、潛在客戶、供應(yīng)商、雇員和合作伙伴提供全面的企業(yè)信息和應(yīng)用呢?于是企業(yè)門戶(Enterprise Portal)誕生了,并成為一個(gè)新的熱點(diǎn)。
1.2 . 如何定義企業(yè)門戶
目前,尚不能準(zhǔn)確地對企業(yè)門戶下一個(gè)完整的定義,企業(yè)門戶與IT業(yè)有些名詞一樣,不同的專業(yè)人士和機(jī)構(gòu)對之有不同的理解,并有很多術(shù)語用于描述企業(yè)為其客戶、合作伙伴和員工的方便而采用的"門戶",如企業(yè)門戶、社團(tuán)門戶、員工門戶等。同時(shí)根據(jù)應(yīng)用的具體功能不同又把企業(yè)門戶細(xì)分為信息門戶、知識門戶和應(yīng)用門戶等,并且這種劃分方法已逐漸得到認(rèn)可。下面介紹一下這3類門戶。
1.2.1 . 企業(yè)信息門戶
企業(yè)信息門戶(Enterprise Information Portal,EIP)的基本作用是為人們提供企業(yè)信息。企業(yè)信息門戶提供了一個(gè)了解企業(yè)的訪問入口,所有訪問者都可以通過這個(gè)入口獲得個(gè)性化的信息和服務(wù)。對企業(yè)來說,信息門戶既是一個(gè)展示企業(yè)的窗口,又可以無縫地集成企業(yè)的內(nèi)容、商務(wù)活動及社區(qū)等,動態(tài)地存儲在企業(yè)內(nèi)部和外部的各種信息,同時(shí)還可以支持網(wǎng)上的虛擬社區(qū)。企業(yè)信息門戶強(qiáng)調(diào)對結(jié)構(gòu)化與非結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)的收集、訪問、管理和無縫集成,這類門戶必須提供數(shù)據(jù)查詢、分析和報(bào)告等基本功能,企業(yè)員工、合作伙伴、客戶及供應(yīng)商都可以通過企業(yè)信息門戶方便地獲取自己所需的信息。
1.2.2 . 企業(yè)知識門戶
企業(yè)知識門戶(Enterprise Knowledge Portal,EKP)是一個(gè)平臺,該平臺是知識加工平臺、決策平臺、知識與獲取平臺的集成,它使企業(yè)各部門職員之間的信息共享和交流更加流暢。這里的"知識"不僅包括數(shù)據(jù)庫、文檔、企業(yè)政策方針和過程手續(xù)等,甚至包括存在于員工頭腦中的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)與專業(yè)技能等非具體化的信息資源。
企業(yè)知識門戶是企業(yè)信息門戶的延伸與發(fā)展。信息門戶的重點(diǎn)是信息的收集、整理及傳輸,有效利用企業(yè)已有的信息、知識和公共關(guān)系,并能收集、分析、增值、共享信息和知識。企業(yè)知識門戶的重點(diǎn)是企業(yè)信息的加工與處理。企業(yè)知識門戶的目的是使恰當(dāng)?shù)娜嗽谇‘?dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間使用恰當(dāng)?shù)闹R,企業(yè)信息門戶主要通過數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、數(shù)據(jù)加工技術(shù)使零散的信息成為知識,供決策支持服務(wù)。
1.2.3 . 企業(yè)應(yīng)用門戶
企業(yè)應(yīng)用門戶(Enterprise Application Portal,EAP)實(shí)際上是對企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)流程的集成。它以商業(yè)流程和企業(yè)應(yīng)用為核心,把商業(yè)流程中功能不同的應(yīng)用模塊通過門戶技術(shù)集成在一起。從某種意義上說,我們可以把企業(yè)應(yīng)用門戶看成是企業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)的集成界面,企業(yè)員工和合作伙伴可以通過企業(yè)應(yīng)用門戶訪問相應(yīng)的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)移動辦公,進(jìn)行網(wǎng)上交易等。
以上3類門戶雖然在側(cè)重點(diǎn)有所不同,但隨著企業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜程度的增加,越來越多的企業(yè)需要能夠?qū)⒁陨?類門戶有機(jī)地整合在一起的通用型企業(yè)門戶,這已是一種趨勢,我們在這里把它們統(tǒng)一稱為企業(yè)門戶。
最后,讓我們試圖通過企業(yè)門戶的作用來幫助讀者理解企業(yè)門戶的定義。維持客戶的最基本戰(zhàn)略因素是企業(yè)整體強(qiáng)大、互利關(guān)系網(wǎng),包括客戶、供應(yīng)商、合作伙伴和員工本身。這些關(guān)系的培養(yǎng)主要通過各方之間的相互溝通和信任感--即各方及時(shí)收到相關(guān)信息、信息準(zhǔn)確并且服務(wù)最優(yōu)。企業(yè)門戶被認(rèn)為能夠滿足這種需要,通過使用戶利用方便、可靠的工具接入實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的信息交換?;蛘哒f,企業(yè)門戶能為用戶提供建設(shè)信息型企業(yè)網(wǎng)站的應(yīng)用,包括網(wǎng)站生成、信息、信息管理、信息反饋、網(wǎng)站管理等系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)網(wǎng)上形象展示及對外溝通的需求。
1.3 . 有無必要建立企業(yè)門戶
在國外,特別是在美國,實(shí)施企業(yè)門戶戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)被列入了許多大企業(yè)的日程表中。與國外相比,國內(nèi)了解企業(yè)門戶概念的企業(yè)十分少,而計(jì)劃建立企業(yè)門戶的企業(yè)就更加微乎其微。但是,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在國內(nèi)的發(fā)展速度相當(dāng)迅速,中國企業(yè)建立自己的門戶網(wǎng)站,為自己的客戶、員工和商提供綜合的重要性不言而喻。
從網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)來看,速度和知識是網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩大支柱。首先,企業(yè)只有借助于網(wǎng)絡(luò)才能獲得發(fā)展的先機(jī),這就要看誰能夠以最迅捷的動作聯(lián)系客戶、供應(yīng)商和商,組織生產(chǎn)和銷售。毫無疑問,企業(yè)門戶是實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目標(biāo)最有力的手段。
從資源利用的角度來看,企業(yè)門戶是以最小可能成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)最大程度開發(fā)利用現(xiàn)有資源目標(biāo)的可行途徑。首先,企業(yè)門戶將本需要占用多臺不同硬件系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用集成到較少的系統(tǒng)設(shè)備上,從而節(jié)約硬件的投入。其次,減少了多種未經(jīng)集成的應(yīng)用軟件的總體維護(hù)成本。除了新設(shè)立的企業(yè),其他實(shí)施企業(yè)門戶的企業(yè)都已有多種應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)和以數(shù)據(jù)庫、文檔等形式存儲的信息資源。這些資源往往條塊分割,分散維護(hù)成本高昂。新的企業(yè)門戶將現(xiàn)有的資源加以整合,并經(jīng)過一定的處理,最后集成到企業(yè)門戶這樣一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的平臺上,提供給更多的用戶。由于它的繼承和集成,企業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)集中維護(hù),從而降低維護(hù)成本。第三,企業(yè)門戶采用高效的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為信息傳輸?shù)墓ぞ?,相比建設(shè)或租用線路價(jià)格低廉,同時(shí)減少了人力投入。第四,企業(yè)門戶的實(shí)施可以改進(jìn)企業(yè)的供應(yīng)鏈管理,企業(yè)門戶能夠幫助企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義上的零庫存。
由此看來,企業(yè)尤其是大中型企業(yè),不論是從節(jié)約成本角度還是從提高競爭力角度考慮,建立企業(yè)門戶都是有效的方法。
1.4 . 如何建立企業(yè)門戶
既然企業(yè)門戶功效如此之大,那么企業(yè)要想建立企業(yè)門戶應(yīng)該如何去操作?一般來說,企業(yè)要成功地部署企業(yè)門戶可按照如下幾方面進(jìn)行。
1.4.1 . 前期準(zhǔn)備工作
企業(yè)在建立企業(yè)門戶之前,要進(jìn)行大量的信息調(diào)查工作,弄清楚企業(yè)的商業(yè)信息是如何使用的。對于大多數(shù)企業(yè)而言,這意味著要進(jìn)行商業(yè)信息應(yīng)用的調(diào)查和研究。調(diào)查的目的是了解誰使用信息,信息是如何使用,以及信息如何流入和流出。
1.4.2 . 產(chǎn)品與技術(shù)的選擇
在進(jìn)行完信息的使用調(diào)查之后,企業(yè)就要選擇門戶產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)。門戶軟件不僅要滿足商業(yè)信息和應(yīng)用訪問的需要,還要滿足事先定義的技術(shù)層面(如協(xié)議)的要求。目前,由于有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的公司推出了企業(yè)門戶解決方案,這為企業(yè)提供了較大的選擇余地。但不可否認(rèn),目前企業(yè)門戶的產(chǎn)品良莠不齊,功能和所采用的技術(shù)差別較大,如何正確選擇適合自身企業(yè)需要的企業(yè)門戶產(chǎn)品是一門學(xué)問,本欄目下期對此進(jìn)行討論。
1.4.3 . 企業(yè)門戶的建設(shè)
選好技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,接下來就是建設(shè)了。這方面需要注意的是企業(yè)信息要集成到門戶有關(guān)目錄之下,或安排在某個(gè)主題里,以便用戶可以容易地找到所需要的信息。信息的組織及個(gè)性化,應(yīng)用和服務(wù)以能夠滿足用戶的需求為目的。
1.4.4 . 推廣使用企業(yè)門戶
企業(yè)門戶建好了,并不意味著工作就完成了,因?yàn)榻ㄆ髽I(yè)門戶的目的是讓其發(fā)揮作用。接下來就是讓更多相關(guān)的用戶群體來了解和使用它。在這個(gè)階段,個(gè)性化是舉足輕重的。個(gè)性化的目的是針對合適的用戶群,如營銷分析、財(cái)務(wù)分析、經(jīng)理或商業(yè)伙伴,合理地將門戶信息、應(yīng)用和工具進(jìn)行有針對性的設(shè)計(jì)。
2 . 網(wǎng)站規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)
因特網(wǎng)正在改變世界,它促成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)雛形的形成,特別是電子商務(wù)正由新概念走向?qū)嵱没?。由于因特網(wǎng)具有傳播信息容量極大、形態(tài)多樣、迅速方便、全球覆蓋、自由和交互的特點(diǎn),已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為新的傳播媒體,所以全球幾乎各個(gè)企業(yè)、機(jī)構(gòu)紛紛建立自己的Web站點(diǎn)。
Web站點(diǎn)是向用戶或潛在客戶提供信息(包括產(chǎn)品和服務(wù))的一種方式。其文檔所包含的內(nèi)容是由被稱為超文本(HyperText)的文本、圖形圖象、聲音,甚至電影等組成。使這些超文本能夠有機(jī)地關(guān)聯(lián)并可使瀏覽器識別,是通過HTML語言(HyperText Markup Language超文本標(biāo)記語言)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。同時(shí)CGI(Common Gateway Interface公共網(wǎng)關(guān)接口)能使Web具有交互功能。Web站點(diǎn)指引用戶瀏覽該站點(diǎn)或其他站點(diǎn)上的分頁信息,可以通過表格和電子郵件的連接提供雙向交互方式。站點(diǎn)建立后,你的企業(yè)就在國內(nèi)、甚至在國際上有了一席之地,有了每周7天、每天24小時(shí)的“虛擬門市部”。網(wǎng)站是未來企業(yè)開展電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和信息平臺,它是“知識經(jīng)濟(jì)”的制高點(diǎn),企業(yè)的網(wǎng)址猶如企業(yè)的商標(biāo)和品牌一樣,是反映企業(yè)形象和文化的巨大的無形資產(chǎn)。
因此企業(yè)網(wǎng)站規(guī)劃必須注意以下八個(gè)方面:
2.1 . 目標(biāo)明確、定位正確
Web站點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)是企業(yè)或機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分。要將企業(yè)站點(diǎn)作為在因特網(wǎng)--這個(gè)新媒體上展示企業(yè)形象、企業(yè)文化的信息空間,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一定要給予足夠的重視,明確設(shè)計(jì)站點(diǎn)的目的和用戶需求,從而作出切實(shí)可行的計(jì)劃。
挑選與錘煉企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵信息,利用一個(gè)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)有序地組織起來,開發(fā)一個(gè)頁面設(shè)計(jì)原型,選擇用戶代表來進(jìn)行測試,并逐步精煉這個(gè)原型,形成創(chuàng)意。
分析有些網(wǎng)站的效果不如預(yù)想的好,主要原因是對用戶的需求理解有偏差,缺少用戶的檢驗(yàn)造成的。設(shè)計(jì)者常常將企業(yè)的市場營銷和商業(yè)目標(biāo)放在首位,而對用戶和潛在的用戶的真正需求了解不多。所以,企業(yè)或機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)清楚地了解本網(wǎng)站的受眾群體的基本情況,如受教育程度、收入水平、需要信息的范圍及深度等,從而能夠有的放矢。
2.2 . 主題鮮明、富有特色
在目標(biāo)明確的基礎(chǔ)上,完成網(wǎng)站的構(gòu)思創(chuàng)意即總體設(shè)計(jì)方案。對網(wǎng)站的整體風(fēng)格和特色作出定位,規(guī)劃網(wǎng)站的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。
Web站點(diǎn)應(yīng)針對所服務(wù)對象(機(jī)構(gòu)或人)不同而具有不同的形式。有些站點(diǎn)只提供簡潔文本信息;有些則采用多媒體表現(xiàn)手法,提供華麗的圖像、閃爍的燈光、復(fù)雜的頁面布置,甚至可以下載聲音和錄像片段。最好的Web站點(diǎn)將把圖形圖像表現(xiàn)手法與有效的組織與通信結(jié)合起來。
要做到主題鮮明突出,力求簡潔,要點(diǎn)明確,以簡單明確的語言和畫面告訴大家本站點(diǎn)的主題,吸引對本站點(diǎn)有需求的人的視線,對無關(guān)的人員也能留下一定的印象。對于一些行業(yè)標(biāo)志和公司的標(biāo)志應(yīng)充分加以利用。
調(diào)動一切手段充分表現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站的個(gè)性和情趣,突出個(gè)性,辦出網(wǎng)站的特色。
Web站點(diǎn)主頁應(yīng)具備的基本成分包括:
頁頭:準(zhǔn)確無誤地標(biāo)識你的站點(diǎn)和企業(yè)標(biāo)志;
E-mail地址:用來接收用戶垂詢;
聯(lián)系信息:如普通郵件地址或電話;
如何提高電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站顧客忠誠
在電子商務(wù)里,品牌忠誠不是一個(gè)流行的概念,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)概念最火爆的時(shí)候,很少有人去關(guān)注品牌忠誠,如今,網(wǎng)絡(luò)步入寒冬,電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站是開始培養(yǎng)品牌忠誠的時(shí)候了。
沒有品牌忠誠,就是最好的電子商務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)都可能遭到失敗。網(wǎng)上顧客的價(jià)值有兩方面:隨著時(shí)間的延長,顧客的花費(fèi)也成倍增加;除了購買量提高,忠誠顧客還會經(jīng)常推薦新顧客進(jìn)來,這也是提高利潤的重要源泉之一,一些零售網(wǎng)站也設(shè)計(jì)了一些辦法讓進(jìn)入站點(diǎn)的顧客向朋友推薦,這樣得來的顧客就不費(fèi)什么成本,如果這樣獲得的顧客越多,網(wǎng)站就能縮短虧本期,越早步入贏利時(shí)期。
Ebay可以說是電子商務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,尤其是從忠誠顧客的推薦行為當(dāng)中獲取利潤方面,它很成功,它有50%的顧客會向別人推薦Ebay。
一、驅(qū)動網(wǎng)上品牌忠誠的主因素:信任
獲得顧客忠誠的第一步就是要獲得他們的信任,這在傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)中也是一樣的,但在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,業(yè)務(wù)處理是虛擬的,看不見的,它的不確定性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也更大,顧客不能看見銷售小姐的笑容,不能看見具體的辦公設(shè)備,如果顧客不相信你的形象和承諾,他就會到別的地方購買。對經(jīng)常網(wǎng)上購物、交易的人調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),他們認(rèn)為網(wǎng)站能贏得他們的交易的最重要的特性是“我知道它并且信任它”,所有其他的特性如“低價(jià)格”、“最廣泛的選擇余地”卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地排在了后面,價(jià)格并沒有主宰電子商務(wù),真正的主宰者是信任。
因?yàn)樾湃?,網(wǎng)站可獲得顧客資料,以建立良好關(guān)系
當(dāng)顧客相信一個(gè)網(wǎng)上賣主時(shí),他們就愿意告訴對方自己的信息,這樣,網(wǎng)站就可以與顧客建立起親密的關(guān)系,并根據(jù)顧客的個(gè)性偏好度身訂做,而這樣的關(guān)系又會增加信任和忠誠度。這樣一個(gè)良性循環(huán)很快就會使網(wǎng)站長久地超越對手。亞馬遜就是通過創(chuàng)造最可信賴的形象來取得在線書市的統(tǒng)治地位的,數(shù)百萬的消費(fèi)者很舒服地把自己的名字、地址、和信用卡號碼提交給訂購系統(tǒng),他們回來不僅僅是買書,還有CD、光盤、硬件和其他種種產(chǎn)品,假如消費(fèi)者不信任亞馬遜,或害怕信用卡號碼泄露或其他,那他們決不會把個(gè)人信息與人分享。而1999年,媒體披露亞馬遜為它的據(jù)稱中立的書籍評論而接受出版商的補(bǔ)償金時(shí),消費(fèi)者就不再相信它了。
真正為顧客利益著想才能取得信任
另一個(gè)很好的培養(yǎng)、利用忠誠的網(wǎng)站是VanguardGroup,該公司是過去十年增長最快的共有基金,如今管理著5000億美元的資產(chǎn),它投入1億美元發(fā)展它的站點(diǎn),Vanguard從來不利用網(wǎng)站來大力宣傳它的產(chǎn)品,而是利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)來通知和教育它的客戶,有時(shí)候甚至引導(dǎo)人們不要購買什么基金。當(dāng)你點(diǎn)擊頁面,經(jīng)常會看到“謹(jǐn)慎投資于某基金”的警告,你還可能受到這樣的信息:告訴你某基金快要分紅了,建議你推遲投資以避免擔(dān)上稅收責(zé)任;當(dāng)某基金最近特別強(qiáng)勢時(shí),它會提醒你也許這樣的勢頭不會維持很久,小心下跌。這樣的行為與大多數(shù)基金公司截然相反,他們只會引誘投資者投資熱門基金。Vanguard于是與客戶建立起了牢固的關(guān)系,并贏得了利潤。
讓信譽(yù)公開傳播
為了獎勵信譽(yù),有些網(wǎng)站建立了嚴(yán)格的管理,每次交易結(jié)束買者和賣者都互相評價(jià),這些評價(jià)被公布在站點(diǎn)上,每個(gè)成員的名聲就成為眾所周知的了,因此它贏得了顧客忠誠。
二、如何研究忠誠策略?
實(shí)際上,在因特網(wǎng)這個(gè)匿名空間,比傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)更容易了解顧客的購買歷史、他們的喜好。在傳統(tǒng)的店鋪里,除非消費(fèi)者買了什么,否則你一點(diǎn)也不了解他,但在網(wǎng)上虛擬空間里,他們的購買模式是透明的,他的一舉一動都被記錄下來。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的種種優(yōu)越性,可以說,網(wǎng)站有前所未有的機(jī)會和技術(shù)來培養(yǎng)顧客忠誠。我們應(yīng)該多研究顧客為什么留下來了,為什么走了,而不要一味地把思維固定在擴(kuò)大站點(diǎn)的容量和訪問量上。
研究顯示,目前網(wǎng)上銷售只開發(fā)了消費(fèi)者30%的購買潛力,而美國在線卻是個(gè)例外,它非常慎重地測量它的顧客忠誠度和購買模式,并用這些信息去指導(dǎo)網(wǎng)站在戰(zhàn)略、市場營銷、和站點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì),雖然它的獲得顧客的方法有點(diǎn)向地毯式轟炸,但它是建立在對不同消費(fèi)者群體的保留率分析和生命周期的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析基礎(chǔ)上的方法,AOL做了很多關(guān)于吸引消費(fèi)者的程序的小規(guī)模測試,同時(shí)也投入大量的資金去吸引并留住有長遠(yuǎn)價(jià)值的顧客。它在客戶服務(wù)中心的投入從來不吝嗇,不去降低服務(wù)能力以降低服務(wù)成本。它的中心任務(wù)是提高服務(wù)的方便性,以吸引更多的求便利的顧客。公司研究顧客忠誠后發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)AOL成為日常生活的一部分時(shí),消費(fèi)者要不斷地修改他們的帳目,因此公司加強(qiáng)了服務(wù)軟件的日歷和日程安排等跟蹤功能,當(dāng)顧客用得越多,就越離不開AOL。
戴爾計(jì)算機(jī)公司在這方面也很優(yōu)秀,它有專門的部門和負(fù)責(zé)的副總也管理顧客忠誠,它的一位副總PaulBell說:“每個(gè)公眾公司每個(gè)季度都會向它的股東匯報(bào)業(yè)績,但很少有公司用一系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每個(gè)月每個(gè)季度都跟蹤監(jiān)測顧客的
了?!痹谘芯苛祟櫩捅A舴矫娴臄?shù)據(jù)后,戴爾計(jì)算機(jī)公司發(fā)現(xiàn)驅(qū)動品牌忠誠的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素:定單履行、產(chǎn)品表現(xiàn)、過去的銷售服務(wù)與支持。并對每個(gè)因素進(jìn)中總結(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)。比如:定單履行,測量定制服務(wù)按時(shí)準(zhǔn)確到達(dá)顧客的百分比;產(chǎn)品表現(xiàn),測量顧客遇到的產(chǎn)品問題的頻率;服務(wù)與支持,測量第一次服務(wù)按時(shí)到達(dá)率和成功率,公司建立了跟蹤統(tǒng)計(jì)分析系統(tǒng),每天總結(jié)上傳并與所有員工共享,以資提高。
許多在顧客忠誠方面做得很好的公司的另一個(gè)絕招是關(guān)心擁有產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的相關(guān)成本,戴爾公司計(jì)算出顧客買戴爾的產(chǎn)品所需要的成本:下定單,安裝,運(yùn)行,服務(wù),布置和必要的軟件。這些成本哪些是付給戴爾的,哪些是付給別的公司的,這些信息將引導(dǎo)公司投資新的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。戴爾公司這樣做既為公司創(chuàng)造了新的收入來源,又為顧客減少了購買戴爾產(chǎn)品的總的相關(guān)成本,這極大地提高了品牌忠誠。
跟蹤顧客忠誠的價(jià)值在于超越時(shí)髦發(fā)現(xiàn)忠誠的原因,通過對優(yōu)秀電子商務(wù)站點(diǎn)消費(fèi)者購買模式的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有五個(gè)方面是極其重要的:高質(zhì)量的顧客服務(wù)、及時(shí)送到、引人注目的產(chǎn)品介紹、方便、合理的送貨及產(chǎn)品價(jià)格、清晰而值得信任的隱私政策
三、吸引目標(biāo)消費(fèi)者的方法
網(wǎng)上市場也要細(xì)分,因?yàn)槿魏蜗M(fèi)者都可以在任何時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)上網(wǎng),所以網(wǎng)站運(yùn)營者很容易犯吸引盡可能多的用戶的錯誤,尤其是前一段時(shí)間投資界對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的狂熱更加速了人們犯這樣的錯誤,他們認(rèn)為,網(wǎng)上銷售應(yīng)該推薦給盡可能多的顧客,接下來就毫無差別地爭取顧客,同時(shí)以頁面訪問量、單一的訪問者數(shù)量、和銷售量來衡量成功與否。而實(shí)際上,認(rèn)真選擇目標(biāo)消費(fèi)群體這一促成成功的基礎(chǔ)性工作卻被忽略了。沒有消費(fèi)者區(qū)隔的話,建立品牌忠誠的工作就非常困難,用戶希望網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)得越簡單越好,能很快登陸,但是,用戶越多、越廣泛,站點(diǎn)就會越復(fù)雜,你必須做所有的工作去滿足所有的消費(fèi)者,不同的技術(shù)嗜好、不同的服務(wù)要求、不同的價(jià)格敏感度,以及千差萬別的品牌偏好。還要不斷地添加新的特點(diǎn)和功能,結(jié)果,網(wǎng)站就很難進(jìn)入,也很難查找信息。
另一個(gè)做電子商務(wù)的通病就是只關(guān)注流量統(tǒng)計(jì),前面的圖表對電子商務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生命周期的分析表明,顧客必須在一個(gè)站點(diǎn)停留2—3年,公司才開始回收前期的投資,然而我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大約有50%的用戶不到三年就走人了,因此網(wǎng)站追求抓住盡可能多的用戶而忽視建立長期關(guān)系是沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的。Vanguard的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明:通過培養(yǎng)強(qiáng)烈的忠誠可以創(chuàng)造低成本優(yōu)勢。
在網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)上,Vanguard主張一切以核心顧客為主,它不提供象其它站點(diǎn)那樣復(fù)雜的交易容量,它只迎合傳統(tǒng)的、保守的客戶,它的典型客戶一年只交易3—4次。
在鑒別哪些消費(fèi)者該抓住方面,第一步要做的是評估不同類別的在線消費(fèi)者,一般而言,大多數(shù)在線購物者都對價(jià)格比較敏感,但對大多數(shù)單身來說,恐怕是“方便第一”,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他們與網(wǎng)站交易的出發(fā)點(diǎn)就是要使生活更容易,他們愿意為取得方便而多付一點(diǎn),他們有價(jià)格理性,但決不會過度看重價(jià)格。還有一群人非??粗仄放疲麄円蚕矚g穩(wěn)定、長期的關(guān)系。因此,流失的客戶并不一定就是因?yàn)閮r(jià)格,公司應(yīng)該認(rèn)真分析、思考。
網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)與營銷方法對進(jìn)入站點(diǎn)的消費(fèi)者類型有很大的影響,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在同樣的市場內(nèi),網(wǎng)站競爭者之間的消費(fèi)者群體有很大的差別。一些網(wǎng)站吸引了大量的有忠誠傾向的顧客,而有些網(wǎng)站則吸引了一批到處跳來跳去的價(jià)格敏感者,例如,有一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)性的雜貨公司75%的新顧客是不愿意建立長期關(guān)系的,而它的競爭者卻有75%的新顧客是以方便為取向和受品牌購影響的買者。忠誠者一般通過推薦找到網(wǎng)站,而在各站點(diǎn)之間游蕩的人比較容易受打折信息影響而進(jìn)入站點(diǎn)。
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1.Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗(yàn),質(zhì)量第一,信譽(yù)第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始終如一。(ex.cn)
Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標(biāo)”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗(yàn)”等榮譽(yù)于一身的特步(中國)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時(shí)裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個(gè)花色品種的紐扣,產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全,品種繁多,造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后,娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,在雄厚的資金保障下,通過引進(jìn)國際最先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù),進(jìn)行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新,使公司擁有強(qiáng)大的核心競爭能力。同時(shí),通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,廣開銷路,實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展,行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前,娃哈哈正在不斷擴(kuò)大投資規(guī)模,不斷自主創(chuàng)新,向著世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)的目標(biāo)闊步前進(jìn)!(劃線部分為錯誤點(diǎn))(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 東方機(jī)械位于風(fēng)景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、文化繁榮,素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初,公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要,及時(shí)調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司,在做穩(wěn)、做強(qiáng)客車的同時(shí),投巨資實(shí)施專用車項(xiàng)目,精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品,本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則,經(jīng)過精心籌備,四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場,便以其全新的設(shè)計(jì)、優(yōu)美的造型、細(xì)膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引進(jìn)大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團(tuán)人才聯(lián)誼會” 形成“重知識,重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)
Medical ethics
(2)全體員工精誠團(tuán)結(jié),上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風(fēng)”. The Chinese“精誠團(tuán)結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進(jìn)入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進(jìn)入飯店,帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始終堅(jiān)持以“質(zhì)量為本,科技創(chuàng)新,優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù),環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機(jī)! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設(shè)備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動化設(shè)備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽(yù)。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚(yáng)、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設(shè)有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設(shè)部批準(zhǔn),專業(yè)從事地基與基礎(chǔ)工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊(duì)伍素質(zhì)的培訓(xùn)工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進(jìn)行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓(xùn)。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系,2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認(rèn)證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)
Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5.Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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誠 信 承 諾
我謹(jǐn)在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨(dú)立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實(shí),后果由本人承擔(dān)。
自1994年我國正式接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以來,短短的幾年時(shí)間,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在我國得到了飛速的發(fā)展。這不僅表現(xiàn)在我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施方面,也表現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的用戶人數(shù)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在各行各業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用等各個(gè)方面。雖然自2000年互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫破滅后,網(wǎng)絡(luò)業(yè)的發(fā)展遭遇了一段時(shí)期的低潮,但從近期的種種跡象來看,中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)正在走向復(fù)蘇,開始迎來它發(fā)展的第二個(gè)春天。
三大門戶網(wǎng)站業(yè)績優(yōu)良
近日,國內(nèi)三大門戶網(wǎng)站新浪、搜狐和網(wǎng)易分別公布了第三季度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告。10月22日搜狐公布的季報(bào)顯示,它提前實(shí)現(xiàn)了按照美國通用會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的全面盈利,盈利額度達(dá)到11.2萬美元。11月5日,新浪的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告稱,上季度新浪的凈營業(yè)收入達(dá)到1030萬美元,較去年同期增加71%,達(dá)歷史最高值;按試算額計(jì)算,新浪在歷史上首次實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利24.1萬美元,而去年同期的數(shù)字為虧損290萬美元。11月6日,網(wǎng)易公布的季報(bào)顯示,今年第三季度網(wǎng)易收入總額達(dá)到7440萬元人民幣(900萬美元),較上一季度增長93.3%,營業(yè)利潤達(dá)310萬美元,毛利率達(dá)67.6%,創(chuàng)歷史最高。業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為,與以往網(wǎng)站大面積虧損相比,如此良好的業(yè)績說明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)正在回暖。
由于業(yè)績的大幅上升,作為中國概念股在納斯達(dá)克的標(biāo)志性代表,新浪、搜狐、網(wǎng)易的股票一片飄紅,大幅上漲。與一年前一些公司在納斯達(dá)克面臨摘牌的尷尬處境相比,今日的風(fēng)光實(shí)在不可同日而語。國內(nèi)門戶網(wǎng)站的股票在納斯達(dá)克受到追捧,說明了國內(nèi)互聯(lián)業(yè)的發(fā)展得到了投資者的認(rèn)可,它們已經(jīng)從過去納股中的邊緣狀態(tài)、邊緣待遇變成比較中心的狀態(tài)了。
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用
今年以來,在國家的大力倡導(dǎo)下,電子政務(wù)、電子商務(wù)、企業(yè)信息化等信息化應(yīng)用進(jìn)展迅猛,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)開始在各個(gè)行業(yè)、各個(gè)部門進(jìn)行廣泛的、實(shí)質(zhì)性的滲透。政府信息化、行業(yè)信息化、企業(yè)信息化和家庭信息化的推進(jìn),使原來“不食人間煙火”的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)、實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步結(jié)合,也使互聯(lián)網(wǎng)找到了廣闊的應(yīng)用空間,煥發(fā)了應(yīng)有的生機(jī)與活力。對此,中科院互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展研究中心主任呂本富認(rèn)為,目前中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)開始了全面復(fù)蘇。
他認(rèn)為,之所以說現(xiàn)在的復(fù)蘇不是一些企業(yè)的復(fù)蘇,而是全面的復(fù)蘇,是因?yàn)檫^去中國的企業(yè)在IT方面的投入本來就不多,有一個(gè)對歷史欠賬回補(bǔ)的過程。在企業(yè)層面,網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)到來時(shí),啟發(fā)了企業(yè)對信息化的應(yīng)用,讓他們認(rèn)識到了網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)泡沫破滅以后,整個(gè)IT產(chǎn)業(yè),包括互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè),都回到了基本面,回歸到了一個(gè)在正常經(jīng)濟(jì)活動下的一個(gè)正常產(chǎn)業(yè)。
據(jù)估計(jì),全球500強(qiáng)等世界大公司在IT方面的投入提前支出了1000億美元,現(xiàn)在還處于消化投資階段。相比較之下,中國的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)由于本身發(fā)展水平所限,非理性成分和泡沫成分都不是那么大,或者根本就沒有產(chǎn)生太大的泡沫。而在這個(gè)時(shí)候,政府加快推進(jìn)了電子政務(wù),企業(yè)開始重視內(nèi)部信息化建設(shè),這兩股力量反而成為比較強(qiáng)勁的推動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)復(fù)蘇的力量。目前,中國市場已經(jīng)成為全球最亮麗的IT市場之一。
網(wǎng)民人數(shù)迅猛增加
上網(wǎng)人數(shù)和上網(wǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)反映出一個(gè)國家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及程度和繁榮程度。據(jù)中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息中心(CNNIC)提供的最新數(shù)據(jù),截至今年10月31日,我國上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)達(dá)到5800萬,上網(wǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)達(dá)到2300萬。而今年上半年,這兩個(gè)數(shù)字分別為4580萬和1613萬,短短的四個(gè)月內(nèi)分別增加了1220萬和687萬,分別比今年上半年增加21%和30%。網(wǎng)民和上網(wǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)的迅速增加,標(biāo)志著我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)回暖的步伐加快。
CNNIC的歷次調(diào)查顯示,從1998年7月到2000年7月,我國上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)每半年都以超過50%的速度增長,2000年1月達(dá)到頂峰,然后開始下降。從2002年1月開始,又開始逐步回升。今年上半年,我國的上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)為4580萬,半年增加了1210萬,增長率為35.9%,與去年同期相比增長72.8%。同1997年10月第一次調(diào)查結(jié)果62萬上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)相比,目前的上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)已是當(dāng)初的78倍。由此可見我國上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)增長之快。特別是今年以來網(wǎng)民呈現(xiàn)加速遞增的趨勢,預(yù)示著中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展的第二個(gè)春天即將來臨。
值得注意的是,盡管我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的大環(huán)境經(jīng)歷了、低潮的反復(fù),可是從上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)的歷次調(diào)查結(jié)果看,我國上網(wǎng)用戶人數(shù)卻一直保持著比較強(qiáng)的增長勢頭。從聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易及開發(fā)會議上透出的信息,目前中國的網(wǎng)民人數(shù)已列全球第二,僅次于美國。同時(shí)不能忽略的是,5800萬網(wǎng)民在我國將近13億的總?cè)丝谥袃H占4%多,說明我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及程度還很低,仍有非常大的發(fā)展空間。
WWW站點(diǎn)數(shù)止跌回升
截至今年6月30日,我國WWW站點(diǎn)數(shù)為293213個(gè),半年內(nèi)增加16113個(gè),增長率為5.8%,與去年同期相比增長20.8%。從我國WWW站點(diǎn)數(shù)的變化趨勢可以看出,盡管在2001年上半年,網(wǎng)站數(shù)下降了2.3萬,但是從2001年下半年到現(xiàn)在,網(wǎng)站數(shù)又開始了增長。從2001年7月到2002年7月,一年時(shí)間增加了50474個(gè)站點(diǎn)。這種變化趨勢在一定程度上說明,我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)低潮后,正呈現(xiàn)出進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的跡象。
截至2002年6月30日,我國國際出口帶寬的總?cè)萘繛?0576.5M,半年增加了2979M,增長率為39.2%,和去年同期相比增長2.25倍,是1997年10月第一次調(diào)查結(jié)果25.408M的416倍。
CN下注冊的域名數(shù)到今年10月底達(dá)到139288個(gè),比7月份統(tǒng)計(jì)的126146個(gè)增加了13142個(gè)。而在2001年7月到2002年1月這半年時(shí)間里,由于受互聯(lián)網(wǎng)低潮的影響,CN下注冊的域名數(shù)曾減少了1173個(gè)。這幾個(gè)月CN下注冊的域名數(shù)的重新回升,同樣說明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在逐漸轉(zhuǎn)暖。
鏈接一:網(wǎng)民結(jié)構(gòu)特征
1.用戶性別。調(diào)查顯示,男性網(wǎng)民占60.9%,女性網(wǎng)民占39.1%。男性依然占據(jù)網(wǎng)民主體。從歷次調(diào)查結(jié)果網(wǎng)民的性別分布上看,女性網(wǎng)民所占比例呈遞增趨勢,且增加顯著,從1997年10月的12.3%增加到現(xiàn)在的39.1%,男性網(wǎng)民則從最初的87.7%減至60.9%。男女網(wǎng)民之間比例上的差異也從1997年的7∶1縮小至目前的1.6∶1。這一變化趨勢與我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及有著密切關(guān)系。
2.用戶年齡。35歲以下的網(wǎng)民占82.0%,35歲以上的網(wǎng)民占18.0%,兩者之比為4.6∶1。35歲以下的網(wǎng)民仍然是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代的主力軍。在各個(gè)年齡段中,以18~24歲的年輕人所占比例為最高,達(dá)到37.2%,其次是25~30歲(16.9%)和18歲以下(16.3%)。
3.用戶受教育程度。目前網(wǎng)民中受教育程度為高中(中專)的比例最高,占30.5%,其次是本科(29.2%)和大專(26.3%)。大學(xué)本科以下的網(wǎng)民增長速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于本科及本科以上的網(wǎng)民,形成后來者居上之勢,在網(wǎng)民中占據(jù)主體。產(chǎn)生這種變化的原因與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的內(nèi)容、服務(wù)日益多樣化以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用更加簡便有關(guān)。
4.用戶個(gè)人月收入。調(diào)查顯示,86.6%的網(wǎng)民月收入不超過2000元,只有13.4%的網(wǎng)民月收入在2000元以上,37.8%的網(wǎng)民月收入在500元以下(包括無收入)。低收入網(wǎng)民仍然占據(jù)主體,并且增長速度明顯高于高收入的網(wǎng)民。這說明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來越趨于大眾化,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)從過去那種只屬于受過高等教育的、中高收入的人的專利,轉(zhuǎn)變成受過基本教育的、收入還過得去的普通人都能使用的工具。
5.用戶職業(yè)。在網(wǎng)民中,學(xué)生所占比例是最高的,達(dá)到了26.2%,其它職業(yè)中,以專業(yè)技術(shù)人員為最多,占總數(shù)的17.5%,其次是辦事員等協(xié)助人員和商業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)人員,分別為13.2%和12.0%。值得說明的是,與2001年1月相比,學(xué)生從20.9%增加到26.2%,絕對數(shù)量從470.3萬增加到1200萬,增長顯著。這與校園網(wǎng)的建設(shè)以及各種網(wǎng)校、遠(yuǎn)程教育等的興起有比較大的關(guān)系。
6.用戶行業(yè)。網(wǎng)民中從事批發(fā)和零售貿(mào)易的人最多,占14.6%,其次是國家機(jī)關(guān)、社會團(tuán)體,占12.1%,排在第三的是教育、科研機(jī)構(gòu),為10.8%。與2001年1月相比,服務(wù)業(yè)和制造業(yè)的網(wǎng)民所占比例有所增加,而IT業(yè)所占比例有所下降。社會服務(wù)業(yè)從8.3%增加到9.6%,制造業(yè)從6.5%增加到10.0%,IT業(yè)則從14.5%降至9.8%。其它行業(yè)在絕對人數(shù)上隨著整體網(wǎng)民數(shù)的增加都有所增加,但從所占份額來看,雖然有小幅度的波動,但無明顯變化趨勢。從網(wǎng)民在職業(yè)、行業(yè)的分布上可以看出,網(wǎng)民逐漸趨于多元化。
鏈接二:網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)行為習(xí)慣
1.上網(wǎng)地點(diǎn)。62.1%的網(wǎng)民選擇在家里上網(wǎng),43.3%的人在單位上網(wǎng),其次是學(xué)校(21.8%)、網(wǎng)吧和咖啡廳(17.3%),同時(shí)還有0.7%的人在公共圖書館上網(wǎng),0.9%的人移動上網(wǎng),地點(diǎn)不固定。家中是網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)最主要的地點(diǎn),這與家庭電腦的普及、小區(qū)寬帶的建設(shè)以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用成本的降低有很大關(guān)系。同時(shí),在學(xué)校上網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)民比例也有所增加,從2001年1月的19.7%增加到21.8%,這應(yīng)該與網(wǎng)民中學(xué)生的比例增加以及校園網(wǎng)建設(shè)的推進(jìn)有很大關(guān)系。
2.上網(wǎng)時(shí)段。網(wǎng)民一天中使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的時(shí)間波動比較大:凌晨4、5點(diǎn)鐘是網(wǎng)民最少上網(wǎng)的時(shí)間,只有3.9%的網(wǎng)民在這一時(shí)間上網(wǎng);上午8、9點(diǎn)鐘,上網(wǎng)的人開始增多,達(dá)到20.4%,并且隨著時(shí)間的延續(xù)一路爬升,到晚上20、21點(diǎn)的時(shí)候達(dá)到高峰,有80.5%的網(wǎng)民在這一時(shí)間上網(wǎng),這之后上網(wǎng)人數(shù)又逐漸減少。這一現(xiàn)象說明,網(wǎng)民使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的時(shí)間分布狀況和人們?nèi)粘I畹淖飨r(shí)間有一定關(guān)系。
3.用戶上網(wǎng)設(shè)備。目前,有97.4%的人使用臺式計(jì)算機(jī)上網(wǎng),4.5%的人使用筆記本電腦上網(wǎng),用戶上網(wǎng)設(shè)備仍然以臺式計(jì)算機(jī)為主。但也有少量網(wǎng)民在使用計(jì)算機(jī)(包括筆記本電腦)上網(wǎng)的同時(shí),也使用其它設(shè)備(移動終端、信息家電等)上網(wǎng)。這在一定程度上表明這些新的上網(wǎng)設(shè)備正在逐漸被網(wǎng)民所接受。
4.上網(wǎng)費(fèi)用來源。調(diào)查顯示,77.1%的網(wǎng)民采用自費(fèi)上網(wǎng),只有10.1%的網(wǎng)民公費(fèi)上網(wǎng),公費(fèi)自費(fèi)均有的占12.8%。從歷次調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)來看,自費(fèi)上網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)民都比公費(fèi)上網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)民所占比例要高,且隨著時(shí)間的推移,兩者之間的差距越來越大。這與網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)地點(diǎn)的變化有一定關(guān)系:家里逐漸成為網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)的最主要地點(diǎn),自費(fèi)也相應(yīng)成為網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)費(fèi)用的主要來源。
5.每周上網(wǎng)時(shí)間。目前網(wǎng)民平均每周上網(wǎng)3.1天,8.3個(gè)小時(shí)。2000年1月CNNIC的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,網(wǎng)民每周上網(wǎng)時(shí)間達(dá)到17個(gè)小時(shí),此后上網(wǎng)時(shí)間逐漸減少,最近一年內(nèi)逐漸穩(wěn)定在8~9個(gè)小時(shí)。網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)天數(shù)也從去年的3.3天降為現(xiàn)在的3.1天。造成網(wǎng)民每周上網(wǎng)時(shí)間減少的原因可能與網(wǎng)民結(jié)構(gòu)上的多元化有一定關(guān)系。
6.平均每周收發(fā)電子郵件數(shù)。網(wǎng)民平均每周收到6.5封電子郵件,收到垃圾郵件6.9封,每周發(fā)出電子郵件5.3封。與歷次調(diào)查結(jié)果對比可以看出,網(wǎng)民每周發(fā)出的電子郵件數(shù)逐漸遞減,從2000年1月的每周發(fā)出10封電子郵件減少至目前的每周5.3封,尤其是近一年來的減少最為顯著,與去年同期相比減少了2.9封。這與網(wǎng)民對電子郵箱的使用更加理性以及手機(jī)、短消息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)尋呼等其它通信手段的流行使通信聯(lián)絡(luò)方式更加多元化有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì)) 網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺 不同流向人才 持續(xù)發(fā)展能力
教育部辦公廳在關(guān)于加強(qiáng)普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的通知(教高廳[2004]14號)中明確要求,必須加強(qiáng)普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作,充分認(rèn)識畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))環(huán)節(jié)的重要意義。隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)多元化發(fā)展,人才市場的不同需求和大學(xué)生就業(yè)的嚴(yán)重局勢,許多高等學(xué)校適時(shí)調(diào)整專業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和培養(yǎng)模式,使得大學(xué)生擇業(yè)觀念現(xiàn)實(shí)化,人才流向多樣化。例如一些高師院校的畢業(yè)生擇業(yè)思路初步形成了四個(gè)流向:考研深造型、應(yīng)用技術(shù)型、中學(xué)任教型和改行跳槽型。不同的趨向和追求,使得畢業(yè)生對自己的素質(zhì)、功底和廣泛的適應(yīng)性有了更為清醒的認(rèn)識與感悟,進(jìn)而渴望在校期間能夠通過某一特定方式例如撰寫畢業(yè)論文來凝練競爭優(yōu)勢,提升創(chuàng)業(yè)才干,把自己打造得更為“牛氣”一些,業(yè)已成為眾多畢業(yè)生的共鳴心聲。這意味著畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作面臨著挑戰(zhàn)與壓力,既被寄予了厚望又被賦予了重任,所以畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))必須彰顯鮮明特色和蘊(yùn)蓄深厚內(nèi)涵。顯而易見,畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))的撰寫過程和論文質(zhì)量,對他們未來的就業(yè)與發(fā)展將會產(chǎn)生非常深遠(yuǎn)(有時(shí)候甚至是決定性)的影響。如何才能把畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))的完成過程變成培養(yǎng)學(xué)生成熟與成才的過程呢?為此,我們提出了“構(gòu)建以現(xiàn)代化網(wǎng)絡(luò)為載體的畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))平臺,用以培養(yǎng)不同流向人才的自適應(yīng)能力、創(chuàng)新能力和持續(xù)發(fā)展能力”的研究課題,并就此進(jìn)行了有益的研究與探索。
一、目前畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))中存在的主要問題及原因分析
1.目前畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))中存在的主要問題
(1)選題不當(dāng)。選題不當(dāng)甚至是不會選題。相當(dāng)一部分畢業(yè)論文選題缺乏前沿性、價(jià)值性和可行性。有些論文的選題過大,沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性;有些論文選題過窄,沒有理論價(jià)值和應(yīng)用前景。
(2)內(nèi)容平淡。論文內(nèi)容平淡一般,多是羅列別家之說,缺乏自己的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。
(3)論證不嚴(yán)密。有些畢業(yè)論文觀點(diǎn)模糊,而且在提出問題、分析問題和解決問題這一研究過程中沒有邏輯分析、歸納與綜合,沒有給出合理的解釋。
(4)不會使用參考文獻(xiàn)。有的學(xué)生熱衷于寫綜述,但卻不會使用參考文獻(xiàn),即使引用也多是較為陳舊的專著和材料,未能反映出本領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外最新研究成果和最新發(fā)展趨勢。
(5)格式不規(guī)范。許多學(xué)生不遵守論文用紙格式、字體、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞、各級標(biāo)題編號等要求,不重視前言、附錄及結(jié)尾部分等整體結(jié)構(gòu),嚴(yán)重影響論文質(zhì)量。
2.畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))質(zhì)量不高的原因分析
(1)目的不明確。為什么要寫畢業(yè)論文,畢業(yè)論文與學(xué)業(yè)水平和學(xué)位證書之間有何關(guān)系,畢業(yè)論文與自己的未來發(fā)展之間有何聯(lián)系,在部分學(xué)生心目中并不清楚,因而重視程度不夠。
(2)論文選題較晚。畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作部署較晚,很多部門都是在第8學(xué)期開學(xué)才進(jìn)行安排,頻繁的任務(wù)加上沉重的就業(yè)壓力與考研復(fù)試,使學(xué)生沒有良好的心態(tài)、充分的時(shí)間和充沛的精力撰寫畢業(yè)論文。
(3)導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)不力。導(dǎo)師教學(xué)、科研任務(wù)繁重,難得與學(xué)生見幾次面,師生之間無法進(jìn)行有效的學(xué)術(shù)交流。無論是對學(xué)生論文選題方向的把握、選題價(jià)值的審查,還是科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和畢業(yè)論文寫作過程,導(dǎo)師只能疲于應(yīng)付。
(4)圖書館、資料室的文獻(xiàn)信息資源沒有充分利用。文獻(xiàn)檢索與應(yīng)用能力是學(xué)生寫好畢業(yè)論文的前提和基礎(chǔ)。一些學(xué)生信息素質(zhì)不高,沒有掌握基本的文獻(xiàn)檢索方法。有些學(xué)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索方法比較單一、低級,在茫茫的信息海洋中無從下手,瀏覽時(shí)間不少但獲取的信息有限。
二、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺的模塊化構(gòu)成及其功能
1.網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺的概念
網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺,又稱網(wǎng)絡(luò)支持平臺,既包括承載網(wǎng)絡(luò)的硬件設(shè)施、設(shè)備,又包括建立在Internet基礎(chǔ)之上為網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)行提供全面支持服務(wù)的軟件系統(tǒng)。高校中的實(shí)驗(yàn)室、計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)房、圖書館、教職工住宅、學(xué)生宿舍等場合,網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺非常普及。
2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺的模塊化構(gòu)成
當(dāng)前高等教育發(fā)展理念發(fā)生了戰(zhàn)略性轉(zhuǎn)變,全面提高質(zhì)量成為高等教育的核心任務(wù),必須把質(zhì)量意識體現(xiàn)到具體工作中。為了有效提高畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量,我們貫徹以學(xué)生發(fā)展為本的教育理念,以畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作為主線,以培養(yǎng)不同流向?qū)W生的自適應(yīng)能力、創(chuàng)新能力和持續(xù)發(fā)展能力為核心,以現(xiàn)有的實(shí)驗(yàn)室網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ),構(gòu)建了由學(xué)術(shù)研究型、應(yīng)用技術(shù)型、中學(xué)執(zhí)教型、其他擇業(yè)型等四大模塊組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺。
(1)學(xué)術(shù)研究型。為準(zhǔn)備考研深造的學(xué)生提供的一種環(huán)境,或者說是幾個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫。其中包含一些大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新的資料,與考研方向密切相關(guān)的本科畢業(yè)論文資料,以及一些課題資料和與此相關(guān)的使用方法和要求。
(2)應(yīng)用技術(shù)型。為畢業(yè)后準(zhǔn)備到廠礦、企事業(yè)單位,公司、研究所等上崗就業(yè)的學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備的數(shù)據(jù)資料庫。理工科類側(cè)重于實(shí)驗(yàn)技能、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)、工藝流程等實(shí)用技術(shù)資料,文史科類則側(cè)重于計(jì)算機(jī)使用、管理科學(xué)及與其專業(yè)相關(guān)的文檔資料。
(3)中學(xué)執(zhí)教型。為準(zhǔn)備到中學(xué)任教的學(xué)生提供的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源。其中有教育理念、新課改標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、教學(xué)技能、中學(xué)教師素質(zhì)、教育科學(xué)研究等相關(guān)資料。
(4)其他擇業(yè)型。為畢業(yè)后打算從事其他工作(例如有的想?yún)④?,有的想支邊,有的想?dāng)村官,有的想考公務(wù)員)的學(xué)生提供的一些參考資源。
3.網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺的功能
(1)信息提供功能。根據(jù)模塊的不同特點(diǎn),提供有關(guān)信息,學(xué)生可以在此領(lǐng)域內(nèi)比較方便地搜尋到自己所需要的資料,既避免盲目性,又節(jié)省時(shí)間。
(2)師生互動功能。在畢業(yè)論文整個(gè)撰寫過程中,學(xué)生之間、師生之間可以通過平臺相互協(xié)商、相互討論、相互溝通。甚至學(xué)生可以在宿舍,教師在實(shí)驗(yàn)室、辦公室或者在家里,都可以相互交換信息。
(3)論文評閱功能。在論文上交之后,導(dǎo)師和評閱小組可以對論文進(jìn)行評審。
(4)管理功能。對畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))的電子文檔進(jìn)行科學(xué)管理,方便論文的借閱、抽查和驗(yàn)收等工作。
(5)遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)功能。為畢業(yè)離校的學(xué)生保留的一片網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間。畢業(yè)生在走上新的工作崗位后,仍然可以利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺從事相關(guān)的研究工作,母校永遠(yuǎn)是他們的大本營。
三、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的分段實(shí)施與學(xué)生持續(xù)發(fā)展能力的培養(yǎng)
1.畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目初選階段
從大三第一學(xué)期開始,學(xué)生除了公共必修課之外,選修課已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出分流趨勢。從這學(xué)期開始,召開畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作動員大會,部署畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作并安排網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺知識講座,同時(shí)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上公示導(dǎo)師的基本情況及研究方向,讓學(xué)生進(jìn)入畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目的初選階段。此舉旨在喚醒學(xué)生的自適應(yīng)意識,當(dāng)學(xué)生的流向確定后,初步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研能力和在“海選”中擇定課題類型與范圍的能力。
2.題目正選階段
經(jīng)過一個(gè)學(xué)期的醞釀、調(diào)研,到大三第二學(xué)期開始,畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目進(jìn)入正選階段。此時(shí)學(xué)生、導(dǎo)師利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺進(jìn)行雙向選擇予以確定并適時(shí)舉行開題報(bào)告。若經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的接觸師生感到彼此不適,還可妥善予以調(diào)整。此舉旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)性發(fā)展、優(yōu)生優(yōu)培,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生清醒認(rèn)識自己進(jìn)而優(yōu)選課題的能力。此后學(xué)生根據(jù)題目的不同要求,分別進(jìn)入到實(shí)驗(yàn)室、研究所或相關(guān)單位獲取信息,鍛煉實(shí)戰(zhàn)能力。
3.畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))撰寫階段
大學(xué)四年級第一學(xué)期,進(jìn)入畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))撰寫階段。在這一學(xué)期開初,要求學(xué)生填寫“畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)書”,并由導(dǎo)師簽字認(rèn)可。任務(wù)書的基本內(nèi)容為:論文題目;論文(設(shè)計(jì))的主要任務(wù)及目標(biāo);論文(設(shè)計(jì))的主要內(nèi)容;論文(設(shè)計(jì))的基本要求;論文將要使用的主要參考文獻(xiàn);撰寫論文的進(jìn)度安排等項(xiàng)要求。然后學(xué)生根據(jù)自己積累的資料,在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下,完成論文寫作。此舉意在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的研究能力、創(chuàng)新能力和寫作能力。
4.畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))評審階段
學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文(電子稿)上交后,由導(dǎo)師組成的評審組利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺進(jìn)行評閱,以確定論文能否進(jìn)行答辯。若未達(dá)到要求,將及時(shí)反饋給學(xué)生進(jìn)行修改并限時(shí)返回修改稿,這又為學(xué)生提供了極為寶貴的時(shí)空條件。
5.答辯階段
對合格的畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))(紙質(zhì)文本)組織答辯,進(jìn)而評定論文成績。更進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的演講能力、答辯能力、思維能力與應(yīng)變能力。
6.后期督查與評優(yōu)階段
利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺,學(xué)院組織督查組對各專業(yè)學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))按比例隨機(jī)抽查、驗(yàn)收,并對優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行盲審盲評(隱去導(dǎo)師姓名和學(xué)生姓名進(jìn)行審閱和評選)。這樣既可以發(fā)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文中存在的問題,又可以體現(xiàn)評優(yōu)工作的公開、公正和公平。猶如電腦系統(tǒng)中的“防火墻”,牢牢地把住了畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))質(zhì)量關(guān)口。
四、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的后續(xù)化――延伸、拓展、再發(fā)展階段
許多畢業(yè)生在到達(dá)新的工作單位后,由于環(huán)境、條件、任務(wù)和工作性質(zhì)的改變,進(jìn)行科研倍感困難。有的迫于無奈只好放棄,也有的跑回母校進(jìn)行求助。鑒于這種情況,我們的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺繼續(xù)為畢業(yè)生保留了綠色通道,特別是他們的課題(自然科學(xué)研究或者教育科學(xué)研究)若與畢業(yè)論文相近或相關(guān),那他們的科研工作就會如魚得水,如虎添翼,這實(shí)質(zhì)上就是畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的后續(xù)化――延伸、拓展、再發(fā)展階段。由此可見,畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))在人才培養(yǎng)工作中確實(shí)具有不可替代的作用,網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力與持續(xù)發(fā)展能力提供了有力的支撐與保障。
五、總結(jié)與展望
幾年來的實(shí)踐證明,由于充分發(fā)揮了高校得天獨(dú)厚的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺優(yōu)勢,使得畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作取得了非常好的成效,論文水平得到了卓有成效的提升,學(xué)生的“實(shí)戰(zhàn)”能力得到了鍛煉,夯實(shí)了持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),凸顯了如下主要特征。
一是學(xué)生掌握了撰寫畢業(yè)論文基本功。無論是從定題、立意到論文的整體結(jié)構(gòu),還是參考文獻(xiàn)的引用乃至文本格式,都體現(xiàn)了規(guī)范化、程序化和創(chuàng)新化,為他們以后進(jìn)行文字寫作工作奠定了非常扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
二是學(xué)生增強(qiáng)了特色創(chuàng)新意識。他們清醒地知道,唯有注重特色,加大就業(yè)競爭力,才能在激烈的市場競爭中取得立足之地。學(xué)生撰寫論文的過程,既是跟著導(dǎo)師做學(xué)問搞研究的過程,更是礪煉自己成長成才的過程。所以他們非常注重學(xué)科前沿動態(tài),敢于向高峰沖刺。如有些學(xué)生論文選題是導(dǎo)師的子課題,他們發(fā)揮自己的理論特長,敢于創(chuàng)新思維,05級就有4名學(xué)生在SCI二區(qū)以上刊物發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文6篇。再如有些學(xué)生論文選題是教育科學(xué)方面的內(nèi)容,他們利用到中學(xué)支教的機(jī)會,一邊教學(xué)一邊進(jìn)行調(diào)研。利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源信息,結(jié)合中學(xué)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行研究,已有數(shù)篇在《物理教學(xué)》等雜志上。所有這些支撐材料,既是能力的表征,又意味著綠燈亮光,發(fā)展道路與就業(yè)渠道暢通。
三是學(xué)生強(qiáng)化了信息資源意識,他們主動提高自己獲取信息、利用信息和開發(fā)信息的能力,為今后的持續(xù)發(fā)展進(jìn)行了鋪墊。
但在此項(xiàng)工作中,也有一些問題值得注意,主要是論文的重復(fù)率問題。由于引用資源相對集中,從論文題目到章節(jié)段落,重復(fù)是不可避免的,但重復(fù)率不能超過一定比例。這一點(diǎn)從一開始就必須給導(dǎo)師與學(xué)生講清楚,并且通過文獻(xiàn)檢測系統(tǒng)軟件給予警示,以杜絕抄襲、剽竊和假冒等不良行為,確保論文的真實(shí)性、科學(xué)性和誠信度。
總而言之,積極加大網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺的利用和開發(fā)力度,強(qiáng)化信息資源的共享和合理利用,對于保證本科畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量乃至教學(xué)和科研等項(xiàng)工作,都具有積極的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]白薇,常曉明,楊勝強(qiáng)等.著眼于創(chuàng)新能力培養(yǎng) 提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)質(zhì)量[J].中國大學(xué)教學(xué),2007,(10).
[2]陳友華,丁遠(yuǎn)坤,高華等.提高認(rèn)識,強(qiáng)化管理,確保本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))質(zhì)量[J].中國大學(xué)教學(xué),2006,(1).
[3]李俊龍,胡鋒,吉東風(fēng)等.提高本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))質(zhì)量的探索與實(shí)踐[J].中國大學(xué)教學(xué),2006,(8).
1、余雨晴
指導(dǎo)教師評語
余雨晴的論文《高頻電子線路精品課程網(wǎng)站建設(shè)》,基本完成了高頻電子線路精品課程網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì),論文介紹了設(shè)計(jì)思想、制作過程,并設(shè)計(jì)了基本的網(wǎng)站雛形。閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn),開題報(bào)告有實(shí)施方案,并按要求完成外文翻譯,設(shè)計(jì)基本合理,對網(wǎng)站建設(shè)提出了個(gè)人見解,作者基本掌握了網(wǎng)站建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)理論。論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
余雨晴的論文《高頻電子線路精品課程網(wǎng)站建設(shè)》,基本完成了高頻電子線路精品課程網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì),論文介紹了設(shè)計(jì)思想、制作過程,并設(shè)計(jì)了基本的網(wǎng)站雛形。網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)基本上合理、科學(xué),表明作者基本上掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對余雨晴的論文《高頻電子線路精品課程網(wǎng)站建設(shè)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,基本上完成了網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),設(shè)計(jì)基本上合理、科學(xué)。該生基本完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,論文撰寫基本符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能基本正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為及格。
2、楊婷
指導(dǎo)教師評語
楊婷同學(xué)的論文《PLL技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用》,較好地完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。論文在詳細(xì)分析PLLIC電路的基礎(chǔ)上,利用鎖相集成電路設(shè)計(jì)了紅外自動控制水龍頭。紅外自動控制水龍頭運(yùn)用LM音頻鎖相環(huán)芯片設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)結(jié)合定時(shí)器芯片和三端集成穩(wěn)壓器等組合而成,設(shè)計(jì)合理。該生除全部閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn)外,還能閱讀一些自選資料,并提出較合理的開題報(bào)告實(shí)施方案,按要求按時(shí)完成外文翻譯,譯文質(zhì)量較好。對對研究的問題能正確分析,反映出作者較好地掌握了電科專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識,論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
楊婷同學(xué)的論文《PLL技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用》選題具有實(shí)際意義,較好地完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),論文在詳細(xì)分析PLLIC電路的基礎(chǔ)上,利用鎖相集成電路設(shè)計(jì)了紅外自動控制水龍頭,紅外自動控制水龍頭是運(yùn)用了LM音頻鎖相環(huán)芯片設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)結(jié)合定時(shí)器芯片和三端集成穩(wěn)壓器等組合而成的電路。設(shè)計(jì)合理,表明作者比較好的掌握了電科專業(yè)相關(guān)的知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對楊婷同學(xué)的論文《PLL技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,論文利用鎖相集成電路設(shè)計(jì)了紅外自動控制水龍頭電路,設(shè)計(jì)合理,表明作者比較好的掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識,設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品具有一定的使用和參考價(jià)值。該生認(rèn)真完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,論文撰寫符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為良好。
3、王銳
指導(dǎo)教師評語
王銳同學(xué)的論文《基于FPGA技術(shù)的電子密碼鎖》,完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)。論文采用EDA技術(shù)通過自頂向下的設(shè)計(jì)方法對數(shù)字密碼鎖進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì),描述了數(shù)字密碼鎖的總體結(jié)構(gòu)、主要功能、設(shè)計(jì)流程、模塊劃分及總體和各模塊的VHDL源程序,并且給出了數(shù)字密碼鎖設(shè)計(jì)的仿真結(jié)果。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
王銳同學(xué)的論文《基于FPGA技術(shù)的電子密碼鎖》選題具有一定的實(shí)際意義,基本上完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),主要工作包括用EDA技術(shù)通過自頂向下的設(shè)計(jì)方法對數(shù)字密碼鎖進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì),描述了數(shù)字密碼鎖的總體結(jié)構(gòu)、主要功能、設(shè)計(jì)流程、模塊劃分及總體和各模塊的VHDL源程序,并且給出了數(shù)字密碼鎖設(shè)計(jì)的仿真結(jié)果,存在的不足主要是沒有具體實(shí)現(xiàn)。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求,同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對王銳同學(xué)的論文《基于FPGA技術(shù)的電子密碼鎖》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,認(rèn)為完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,行文基本流暢,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。本文尚存在全篇結(jié)構(gòu)不夠合理、沒有完全實(shí)現(xiàn)等缺陷。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
4、周洋
指導(dǎo)教師評語
周洋同學(xué)的論文《純音聽力計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)》,較好地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文從聽力計(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢和面臨現(xiàn)狀出發(fā),基于對系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能要求的分析,論述了儀器的工作原理,軟、硬件設(shè)計(jì)方法和純音信號與噪聲信號的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
周洋同學(xué)的論文《純音聽力計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)》選題具有一定的實(shí)際意義,基本上完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),從聽力計(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢和面臨現(xiàn)狀出發(fā),基于對系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能要求的分析,論述了儀器的工作原理、軟、硬件設(shè)計(jì)方法和純音信號與噪聲信號的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程,設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。畢業(yè)論文撰寫基本符合規(guī)范要求,論文基本上達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求,同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對周洋同學(xué)的論文《純音聽力計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,基本完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,行文基本流暢,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。本文尚存在全篇結(jié)構(gòu)不夠合理、設(shè)計(jì)沒有完全實(shí)現(xiàn)等缺陷。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
5、李思靜
指導(dǎo)教師評語
李思靜同學(xué)的論文《調(diào)頻電路及其設(shè)計(jì)》,很好地完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。論文采利用導(dǎo)頻制調(diào)頻立體聲發(fā)射接收技術(shù)及高性能的專用發(fā)射與接收集成電路,設(shè)計(jì)了一套基于BA和CXA的小型無線調(diào)頻立體聲系統(tǒng)。該生除全部閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn)外,還能閱讀較多的自選資料,較好地理解課題任務(wù)并提出開題報(bào)告實(shí)施方案,能出色完成外文資料的翻譯,對研究的問題能較深刻分析,反映出作者很好地掌握了有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識,論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
李思靜同學(xué)的論文《調(diào)頻電路及其設(shè)計(jì)》選題具有實(shí)際意義,完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),論文采利用導(dǎo)頻制調(diào)頻立體聲發(fā)射接收技術(shù)及高性能的專用發(fā)射與接收集成電路,設(shè)計(jì)了一套基于BA和CXA的小型無線調(diào)頻立體聲系統(tǒng),表明作者很好的掌握了調(diào)頻通信方面的知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對李思靜同學(xué)的論文《調(diào)頻電路及其設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,作者設(shè)計(jì)了一套基于BA和CXA的小型無線調(diào)頻立體聲系統(tǒng),作者很好的掌握了調(diào)頻通信方面的知識。具有很好的閱讀參考資料的能力,認(rèn)真完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,行文流暢,論文撰寫符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為優(yōu)秀。
6、王莉
指導(dǎo)教師評語
王莉同學(xué)的論文《無線電遙控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。論文設(shè)計(jì)了一種無線電遙控系統(tǒng),包括發(fā)射電路的設(shè)計(jì)和接收電路的設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了遠(yuǎn)程遙控功能。該生除全部閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn)外,還能閱讀一些自選資料,并提出較合理的開題報(bào)告實(shí)施方案,按要求按時(shí)完成外文翻譯,譯文質(zhì)量較好。對對研究的問題能正確分析,反映出作者較好地掌握了有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識,論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
王莉同學(xué)的論文《無線電遙控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)》選題具有實(shí)際意義,較好地完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),論文設(shè)計(jì)了一種無線電遙控系統(tǒng),包括發(fā)射電路的設(shè)計(jì)和接收電路的設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了遠(yuǎn)程遙控功能。設(shè)計(jì)合理,表明作者比較好的掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對王莉同學(xué)的論文《無線電遙控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,論文設(shè)計(jì)了一種無線電遙控系統(tǒng),包括發(fā)射電路的設(shè)計(jì)和接收電路的設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了遠(yuǎn)程遙控功能。設(shè)計(jì)合理,表明作者比較好的掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識,設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品具有一定的使用和參考價(jià)值。該生認(rèn)真完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,行文流暢,論文撰寫符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為良好。
7、趙霞
指導(dǎo)教師評語
趙霞同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì),完成了總體方案設(shè)計(jì)及留言板模塊和新聞管理功能模塊的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與編程。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)合作完成,趙霞同學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)新聞管理功能模塊的設(shè)計(jì),其開發(fā)主要包括后臺數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護(hù)以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)兩個(gè)方面。該生除全部閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn)外,還能閱讀一些自選資料,并提出較合理的開題報(bào)告實(shí)施方案,按要求按時(shí)完成外文翻譯,譯文質(zhì)量較好。論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
趙霞同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》選題具有實(shí)際意義,較好地完成了新聞管理功能模塊的設(shè)計(jì),其開發(fā)主要包括后臺數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護(hù)以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)兩個(gè)方面。網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)合理、科學(xué),表明作者比較好的掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對趙霞同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,較好地完成了新聞管理功能模塊的設(shè)計(jì),其開發(fā)主要包括后臺數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護(hù)以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)兩個(gè)方面,設(shè)計(jì)合理、科學(xué)。該生認(rèn)真完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容論文撰寫符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為良好。
8、周星
指導(dǎo)教師評語
周星同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì),完成了總體方案設(shè)計(jì)及留言板模塊和新聞管理功能模塊的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與編程。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)合作完成,周星同學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)網(wǎng)站頁面的設(shè)計(jì)和留言板系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。該生除全部閱讀指導(dǎo)教師指定的參考資料、文獻(xiàn)外,還能閱讀一些自選資料,并提出較合理的開題報(bào)告實(shí)施方案,按要求按時(shí)完成外文翻譯,譯文質(zhì)量較好。論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
周星同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》選題具有實(shí)際意義,較好地完成了新聞管理功能模塊的設(shè)計(jì),其開發(fā)主要包括網(wǎng)站頁面的設(shè)計(jì)和留言板系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)合理、科學(xué),表明作者比較好的掌握了相關(guān)專業(yè)知識。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對周星同學(xué)的論文《電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有研究價(jià)值,較好地完成了網(wǎng)站頁面的設(shè)計(jì)和留言板系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)合理、科學(xué)。該生認(rèn)真完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容論文撰寫符合規(guī)范,答辯時(shí)能正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為良好。
9、蔡凌云
指導(dǎo)教師評語
蔡凌云同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文主要采用數(shù)字信號處理(DSP)和直接數(shù)字頻率合成(DDS)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)完成,該生主要負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的數(shù)字調(diào)頻調(diào)制模塊部分的設(shè)計(jì)。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
蔡凌云同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文主要采用數(shù)字信號處理(DSP)和直接數(shù)字頻率合成(DDS)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)完成,該生主要負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的數(shù)字調(diào)頻調(diào)制模塊部分的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。畢業(yè)論文撰寫基本符合規(guī)范要求,論文基本上達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求,同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對蔡凌云同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的數(shù)字調(diào)頻調(diào)制模塊部分的設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,基本完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
10、張佳富
指導(dǎo)教師評語
張佳富同學(xué)的論文《高頻功率放大器及其設(shè)計(jì)》,基本地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文對高頻功率放大器的發(fā)展以及應(yīng)用做了介紹,設(shè)計(jì)了基本合理的高頻功率放大器電路。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,基本達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
張佳富同學(xué)的論文《高頻功率放大器及其設(shè)計(jì)》,基本地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文對高頻功率放大器的發(fā)展以及應(yīng)用做了介紹,設(shè)計(jì)了基本合理的高頻功率放大器電路,設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。畢業(yè)論文撰寫基本符合規(guī)范要求,論文基本上達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求,同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對佳富同學(xué)的論文《高頻功率放大器及其設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,高頻功率放大器電路的設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,基本完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
11、李薇
指導(dǎo)教師評語
李薇同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文主要采用數(shù)字信號處理(DSP)和直接數(shù)字頻率合成(DDS)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)完成,該生主要負(fù)責(zé)系統(tǒng)在DSP方面的設(shè)計(jì)。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
李薇同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》,較好地完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地研究任務(wù)。論文主要采用數(shù)字信號處理(DSP)和直接數(shù)字頻率合成(DDS)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。本設(shè)計(jì)由兩位同學(xué)完成,該生主要負(fù)責(zé)系統(tǒng)在DSP方面的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。畢業(yè)論文撰寫基本符合規(guī)范要求,論文基本上達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求,同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對李薇同學(xué)的論文《數(shù)字調(diào)頻發(fā)射機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,系統(tǒng)在DSP方面的設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,基本完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
12、宋治樺
指導(dǎo)教師評語
宋治樺同學(xué)的論文《射頻功率放大器》,完成了任務(wù)書所規(guī)定地設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。論文通過圖例和對比進(jìn)行分析,闡述了射頻功放的基本理論;在研究了射頻功放的工作狀態(tài)、負(fù)載和調(diào)諧等外部特性的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一種射頻功率放大器。外語資料翻譯尚可,論文格式基本規(guī)范,論述基本準(zhǔn)確,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的要求,符合學(xué)士學(xué)位論文答辯的要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
宋治樺同學(xué)的論文《射頻功率放大器》選題具有一定的實(shí)際意義,基本上完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù),在研究了射頻功放的工作狀態(tài)、負(fù)載和調(diào)諧等外部特性的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一種射頻功率放大器,設(shè)計(jì)基本合理。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
答辯小組通過對宋治樺同學(xué)的論文《射頻功率放大器》的審核,認(rèn)為該論文選題具有一定的研究價(jià)值,作者具有一定的閱讀參考資料的能力,認(rèn)為完成了畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,答辯時(shí)能較比較正確地回答問題。
經(jīng)答辯小組討論,答辯成績定為中等。
13、鄒元杰
指導(dǎo)教師評語
鄒元杰同學(xué)的論文《基于單片機(jī)STCCLED點(diǎn)陣顯示》,很好地完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)以STCC單片機(jī)為主控芯片,利用溫度測量,實(shí)時(shí)時(shí)鐘芯片和數(shù)據(jù)存儲技術(shù)并配合軟件,實(shí)現(xiàn)了溫度的測量、時(shí)間、數(shù)據(jù)掉電不丟失等功能,最終很好地完成了規(guī)定任務(wù)。該生對研究的問題能較深刻分析,反映出作者很好地掌握了有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識,實(shí)際動手能力強(qiáng),論文撰寫規(guī)范,符合學(xué)位論文答辯要求。
同意該同學(xué)參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。
評閱教師評語
鄒元杰同學(xué)的論文《基于單片機(jī)STCCLED點(diǎn)陣顯示》,選題具有實(shí)際意義,完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)以STCC單片機(jī)為主控芯片,利用溫度測量,實(shí)時(shí)時(shí)鐘芯片和數(shù)據(jù)存儲技術(shù)并配合軟件,實(shí)現(xiàn)了溫度的測量、時(shí)間、數(shù)據(jù)掉電不丟失等功能,最終很好地完成了規(guī)定任務(wù)。畢業(yè)論文撰寫符合規(guī)范要求,論文達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)論文的要求。
同意該生參加學(xué)位論文答辯。
答辯委員會評語
關(guān)鍵詞:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站;高職生;畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
中圖分類號:G434 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:B 文章編號:1673-8454(2012)11-0073-03
一、高職生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題
1.高職生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的現(xiàn)狀
目前,許多高職院校都采用畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)(以下統(tǒng)稱畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì))這一方式來檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)與能力。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識與技能來解決實(shí)際問題的重要環(huán)節(jié)。通過這一過程,提高學(xué)生獨(dú)立分析、解決問題以及創(chuàng)新的能力,并達(dá)到考核學(xué)生綜合能力的目的。然而,目前高職學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容空洞、東拼西湊、泛泛而談、剽竊抄襲現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,許多人將其原因歸結(jié)為管理工作不到位、指導(dǎo)教師的水平不高和責(zé)任心不強(qiáng)、學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)差而且不重視等。這樣的分析雖有一定道理,但過于簡單和片面,因此,我們從以下幾個(gè)角度來分析問題的根源。
2.高職生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)存在的問題
(1)論文“學(xué)術(shù)性”觀念偏重
許多高職生的畢業(yè)論文在目標(biāo)、選題、撰寫等方面,仍未擺脫學(xué)科本位的論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn),強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)論文對學(xué)生科研能力的訓(xùn)練,講究畢業(yè)論文的學(xué)術(shù)性、理論性。而高職院校在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的過程中,應(yīng)是以就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向組織教學(xué)活動,培養(yǎng)具有職業(yè)能力的學(xué)生。這就要求學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下,結(jié)合畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),在進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的實(shí)踐操作之后完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
(2)學(xué)校不開設(shè)論文指導(dǎo)相關(guān)課程,學(xué)生無從下手
在諸多院校的課程設(shè)置中,并沒有開設(shè)論文寫作課程,而是直接讓高職生們直接進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的寫作。雖然有指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo),但是許多學(xué)生仍然無從下手,并寄希望于指導(dǎo)教師,導(dǎo)致過度依賴,能寫出有獨(dú)立見解的論文的學(xué)生極少。
(3)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)習(xí)同時(shí),學(xué)生異地實(shí)習(xí),難以兼顧
目前,許多高職院校都安排學(xué)生在第三年進(jìn)行實(shí)習(xí),許多用人單位也要求學(xué)生能提前上崗,這就使得畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)難以展開。一方面,學(xué)生多分散在外地實(shí)習(xí),距離太遠(yuǎn),難以與指導(dǎo)教師交流。如若實(shí)習(xí)中途返校與老師交流,不僅耗費(fèi)人力物力,也會影響學(xué)生的實(shí)習(xí)。另一方面,如若讓指導(dǎo)教師前往實(shí)習(xí)單位進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),不但影響教師在校的教學(xué)任務(wù),而且時(shí)間緊促,難以達(dá)到預(yù)期的指導(dǎo)效果。
(4)論文答辯形式與評分機(jī)制有待完善
現(xiàn)在,論文答辯的形式采用的是在校答辯,學(xué)校要求學(xué)生在規(guī)定時(shí)間前返校參加論文答辯。這與學(xué)生的實(shí)習(xí)、就業(yè)發(fā)生沖突,讓學(xué)生陷入兩難的境地。而論文答辯的成績,由答辯委員會決定,答辯小組的教師們僅依據(jù)最終形成的論文進(jìn)行考核,不能完成跟蹤學(xué)生的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程式考核。這樣的評分機(jī)制,難以對學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)進(jìn)行客觀的評定。
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站的作用
針對目前高職畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)中出現(xiàn)的諸多問題,尋求一套行之有效的解決途徑勢在必行。因此,我們設(shè)計(jì)了“畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程開發(fā)與研究”這一研究課題,并利用現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)便捷、快速、效率的優(yōu)勢,搭建了一個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站。本網(wǎng)站的關(guān)鍵在于對校外實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度的掌控,便于指導(dǎo)教師及時(shí)進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)。實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站,自主更新維護(hù)個(gè)人相關(guān)信息,不僅極大地減輕了指導(dǎo)教師的工作量,也保證了信息的準(zhǔn)確性和時(shí)效性。同時(shí),利用系統(tǒng)提供的信息、留言系統(tǒng)、論壇等功能,系輔導(dǎo)員、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師、工作站教師及學(xué)院層面都可以和學(xué)生直接進(jìn)行交流,提高了工作效率。另外,通過建立完善的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)庫,可以及時(shí)統(tǒng)計(jì)各種相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),對學(xué)院的檔案收集、質(zhì)量評估有很大的貢獻(xiàn)。
經(jīng)過兩年的試運(yùn)行,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站已逐步走上軌道。據(jù)使用過本網(wǎng)站的學(xué)生與教師所提交的114份調(diào)查表數(shù)據(jù)顯示,師生們都普遍反映良好,如表所示。
本網(wǎng)站主要包含以下幾個(gè)板塊:(1)通知提醒。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)管理規(guī)范、實(shí)施細(xì)則等重要通知,提醒學(xué)生完成各項(xiàng)任務(wù)的截止日期等。(2)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施流程圖。針對學(xué)校沒有論文指導(dǎo)課程,學(xué)生對論文無從下手的問題,網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)直觀簡潔的圖例,用以解析整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過程,提醒學(xué)生在寫作論文過程中應(yīng)注意的細(xì)節(jié)及事項(xiàng)。(3)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)概覽。提供優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)范文、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)案例教程、論文寫作指導(dǎo)演示文稿等供學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、體會。(4)畢業(yè)論文工作管理。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的檔案模板、成績匯總、選題統(tǒng)計(jì)等都在此完成。(5)論壇。在論壇上所有的老師和同學(xué)都可以隨時(shí)登錄論壇發(fā)帖,對各種焦點(diǎn)問題發(fā)表自己的見解和看法,這種透明化、大眾化的方式更有利于問題的快速解決。每一個(gè)學(xué)生的論文完成進(jìn)度與過程都會在論壇上詳細(xì)體現(xiàn),從選題、開題報(bào)告到論文一稿、二稿直至終稿都會提交到網(wǎng)站上,指導(dǎo)教師會在學(xué)生提交的帖子上進(jìn)行回復(fù)與指導(dǎo)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)過程,除答辯以外,都在網(wǎng)站上完成。初期,學(xué)生自己制定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度,然后提交開題報(bào)告,教師在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行評閱,通過后才能進(jìn)入下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。中期,學(xué)生網(wǎng)上提交初稿并匯報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)情況,教師通過檢查工作進(jìn)度,了解畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作中存在的問題,并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生共同解決問題。后期,指導(dǎo)教師可檢查各項(xiàng)工作的完成情況,對進(jìn)度緩慢的學(xué)生根據(jù)實(shí)際情況提出改進(jìn)意見,督促學(xué)生按進(jìn)度完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站為學(xué)生與指導(dǎo)教師提供了一個(gè)溝通與交流的平臺,縮短了畢業(yè)指導(dǎo)在時(shí)間與空間上的距離,非常有效地提高了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的效率,有效地避免了學(xué)生在實(shí)習(xí)單位和學(xué)校之間來回奔波之苦。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)網(wǎng)站的建設(shè),是實(shí)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)代化、信息化的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。
三、依托畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的利與弊
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站的優(yōu)點(diǎn)